Multiculturalism: An antidote to racism or untouched inequalities? A comparative study of second-generation Jamaicans and second-generation Portuguese in Toronto

Auteurs-es

  • Esra Ari University of Western Ontario

DOI :

https://doi.org/10.25071/1929-8471.50

Mots-clés :

second-generation immigrants, integration, multiculturalism, segmented assimilation

Résumé

This research examines the effects of “race” and “class” on the economic and social integration of second-generation Jamaicans (n=23) and Portuguese (n=20) in Canada. This qualitative study uses interview data to compare the role of multiculturalism in the integration of two second-generation immigrant groups. I find that the integration of these two groups differs based on their visible minority status and their social class. These results are important to develop policies for the integration of racialized native-born youth into a multiethnic society.

Références

Abada, T. & Linn, S. (2011). The Educational Attainments and Labour Market Outcomes of the Children of Immigrants in Ontario. Toronto: Higher Education Quality Council of Ontario

Allahar, A. (2010). The political economy of ‘race’ and class in Canada’s Caribbean diaspora. American Journal of Political Economy, (8)2, 54-86.

Anisef, P., Brown, R., Phythian, K., Sweet, R., & Walters, D. (2008). Early school leaving among students in Toronto secondary schools. CERIS Working Paper Series, No. 67 (pp.1-27). Toronto: CERIS.

Ari, E. (2016). [Multicultural Ideology: Getting beyond false consciousness: A comparative study of second-generation Jamaicans and second-generation Portuguese in Toronto]. Unpublished raw data.

Aydemir, A., Chen, W., & Corak M. (2006). Intergenerational Earnings and Mobility among the Children of Immigrants. Analytical Studies Branch Research Paper Series (No. 316). Ottawa: Statistics Canada.

Boyd, M. (2002). Educational Attainments of Immigrant Offspring: Success or Segmented Assimilation. International Migration Review, 36(4), 1037-1050.

Brown, R. (1999). A Study of the Grade 9 Cohort of 1993, 1993-1998: The Last Grade 9 Cohort of the Toronto Board of Education. Report No. 229. Toronto: Academic Accountability, Toronto District School Board.

Brown, R. (2006). The TDSB Grade 9 Cohort Study: A Five-Year Analysis, 2000-2005. (#05/06-05) Toronto: Toronto District School Board, Research and Information Services.

Brown, R. (2010). The Grade 9 Cohort of Fall 2004. Report No. 09/10-15. Toronto: Organizational Development Department, Research and Information Services, Toronto District School Board.

Brown, R. & Parekh, G. (2010). Special education: Structural overview and student demographics (Research Report). Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Research and Information Services, Toronto District School Board.

Codjoe, H. (2001). Fighting a ‘Public Enemy’ of Black Academic Achievement—the persistence of racism and the schooling experiences of Black students in Canada. Race, ethnicity and Education, 4(4), 343-375.

Codjoe, H. (2006). The role of an affirmed black cultural identity and heritage in the academic achievement of African-Canadian students. Intercultural Education, 17(1), 33-54.

Citizenship and Immigration. (1988). Canadian Multiculturalism Act. Retrieved from http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/PDF/C-18.7.pdf.

Citizenship and Immigration. (2013). Annual Report on the Operation of the Canadian Multiculturalism Act: 2011-2012. Retrieved from http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/pdf/pub/multi-report2012.pdf.

Citizenship and Immigration. (2014). Annual Report on the Operation of the Canadian Multiculturalism Act: 2012-2013. Retrieved from http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/resources/publications/multi-report2013/index.asp.

Davis, A. (2012). Project Groundings: Canadian and Jamaican Youth [Re]Define Violence. In James, C.E & Davis, A. (Eds.), Jamaica in the Canadian Experience: A multiculturalizing Presence (Pp. 329-342.), Halifax & Winnipeg: Fernwood Publishing.

Dowling, R. (2010). Power, Subjectivity, and Ethics in Qualitative Research. In I. H. (Ed.) Qualitative Research Methods in Human Geography, 3rd ed., Pp. 26-39. Don Mills, Ont.: Oxford University Press.

Driedger, L. (1996). Multi-ethnic Canada: Identities and Inequalities. Toronto: Oxford University Press.

Fleras, A., & Eliott, J. L. (1996) Unequal Relations: An Introduction to Race, Ethnic, and Aboriginal Dynamic in Canada. Toronto: Pearson Hall Canada.

Gans, H. J. 1992. Second-generation decline: Scenarious for the economic and ethnic future of the post-1965 American Immigrants. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 15(2), 173-192.

Green, A., & Green, D. (1999). The Economic Goals of Canada’s Immigration Policy. Canadian Public Policy, 25(4), 425-451.

Hawkins, Freda. 1991. Critical Years in Immigration: Canada and Australia Compared. Montreal [Que.]: McGill-Queen's University Press.

Henry, F. (1994). The Caribbean Diaspora in Toronto: Learning to live with racism. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

Higgs, D. (1982). The Portuguese in Canada (booklet n. 2). Ottawa, ON: Canadian Historical Association.

James, C. (2010). Schooling and the University Plans of Immigrant Black Students from an Urban Neighborhood. In H. R. M. (Ed.) Culture, Curriculum, and Identity in Education, Pp.117-139. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

James, C. (2011). Students “at Risk”. Stereotypes and the Schooling of Black Boys. Urban Education, 22, 1-31.

Nunes, F. (1998). Portuguese Canadians From Sea to Sea: A National Needs Assessment. Toronto: Portuguese-Canadian National Congress.

Nunes, F. (2008). Striking a Balance in Canada’s Diversity Dialogue: The Case of Portuguese-Canadian Community. Canadian Diversity. 6(2), 121-125.

Nunes, F. (2014). The Underachievement of Portuguese-Canadian Youth: An Ongoing Phenomenon. International Network on Youth Integration. 5(1), 3-9.

Ornstein, M. (2000). Ethno-Racial Inequality in the City of Toronto: An Analysis of the 1996 Census. Toronto: Access and Equity Unit, City of Toronto.

Ornstein, M. (2006a). Ethno-Racial Groups in Toronto, 1971-2001: A Demographic and Socio-Economic Profile. Toronto: Institute for Social Research, York University.

Ornstein, M. (2006b). Ethno-Racial Groups in Montréal and Vancouver, 1971-2001: A Demographic and Socio-Economic Profile. Toronto: York University, Institute for Social Research.

Plaza, D. (2001). A Socio-Historic Examination of Caribbean Migration to Canada: Moving to the Beat of Changes in Immigration Policy. Wabaggi Journal of Diaspora Studies. 4(1), 39-80.

Plaza, D. (2006). The Construction of a Segmented Hybrid Identity among One and a Half and Second-generation Indo- and African- Caribbean Canadians. Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research. 6(3), 207-230

Portes, A., & Zhou, M. (1993). The New Second-generation: Segmented Assimilation and Its Variants. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 530, 74-96.

Reitz, J., & Banerjee, R. (2007, January 11). Racial Inequality, Social Cohesion and Policy Issues in Canada. Retrieved from http://irpp.org/research-studies/reitz-banerjee-2007-01-11

Satzewich V. (1990). Rethinking Post-1945 Migration to Canada: Towards a Political Economy of labour Migration. International Migration. 28 (3), 327-46.

Silberman, R., Alba, R., & Fournier, I. (2007). Segmented Assimilation in France? Discrimination in the Labour Market against the Second-generation. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 30(1), 1-27.

Simmons, A. B. (2010). Immigration and Canada: Global and Transnational Perspectives. Toronto: Canadian Scholars’ Press.

Statistics Canada. (2011a). Preparing for Success in Canada and the United States: The Determinants of Educational Attainment among Children of Immigrants. Retrieved from http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/11f0019m/2011332/part-partie1-eng.htm

Statistics Canada (2011b). National Household Survey 2011. Retrieved from https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/index-eng.cfm

Statistics Canada. (2015). Generation Status: Canadian born Children of Immigrants. Retrieved from https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/as-sa/99-010-x/99-010-x2011003_2-eng.cfm.

Statistics Canada. (no date-a). 2011 National Household Survey: Data tables: Ethnic Origin (101), Age Groups (10), Sex (3) and Selected Demographic, Cultural, Labour Force, Educational and Income Characteristics (327) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2011 National Household Survey (Catalogue # 99-010-X2011036) Last updated 2016-01-07. http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=107647&PRID=0&PTYPE=105277&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2013&THEME=95&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF (accessed July 22, 2016).

Statistics Canada. (no date-b). Highlight Tables: Ethnocultural Portrait of Canada - Ethnic origins, 2006 counts, for Canada, provinces and territories - 20% sample data. Last updated 2010-10-06. http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/hlt/97-562/pages/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&Code=01&Data=Count&Table=2&StartRec=1&Sort=3&Display=All&CSDFilter=5000 (accessed July 12, 2016).

Statistics Canada. (no date-c). The Jamaican Community in Canada. Last updated 2007-08-28 http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/89-621-x/89-621-x2007012-eng.htm#1(accessed July 13, 2016)

Zhou, M., 1997. Segmented Assimilation: Issues, Controversies and Recent Research on the New Second-generation. International Migration Review. 31(4). 975-1008.

Zhou, M. & Kim S. (2006). Community Forces, Social Capital and Educational Achievement: The Case of Supplementary Education in the Chinese and Korean Immigrant Communities. Harvard Educational Review, 76(1), 1-29.

Téléchargements

Publié-e

2020-07-13 — Mis(e) à jour 2020-07-13

Comment citer

Ari, E. (2020). Multiculturalism: An antidote to racism or untouched inequalities? A comparative study of second-generation Jamaicans and second-generation Portuguese in Toronto. INYI Journal, 7(1), 4–11. https://doi.org/10.25071/1929-8471.50

Numéro

Rubrique

Articles